What version of exchange you are running ?
Is it with exchange 2010 & 2013 coexistence?
Hi,
According to your description, I am quite sure whether the old user can connect server successfully.
Please confirm if only new users have the issues.
Does the issue occur on OWA? Did you have a migration on your environment?
I suggest you can do an Outlook connectivity test with https://testconnectivity.microsoft.com/ and see what went wrong.
I noticed that an error popped up after entering credentials, please post the error here for further analysis.
In addiction, please describe your exchange environment in detail.
Best Regards,
David